pg 188 #1-5

1.
1. to convey the bad news
2. to gain acceptance for it
3. to maintain as much goodwill as possible with your audience
4. to maintain a good image for your organization
5. if appropriate, to reduce or eliminate the need for future correspondence of the matter

2.
What the audience's reaction will be to the message.
Direct approach when your negative answer o information will have a minimal personal impact.
Indirect approach when some preparation will help your audience accept your bad news

3.
Indirect Approach Sequences of Planning, Writing and Completing:
First, open with a buffer. Second, provide reasons and additional information. Third, continue with a clear statement of the bad news. Fourth, closing on a positive note.

4.
A buffer establishes common ground with the reader. A neutral noncontroversial statement that is closely related to the point of the message. A buffer validates the request. A buffer can be consider unethical or even dishonest if they are insincere or deceptive. Showing consideration for feelings of others should never be dishonest.

5.
You provide reasons and additional information to signal the negative news ahead. The buffer serves as a transition to this information, which in turn is a transition to the bad new stated clearly. It validates the reasoning for your decision. Providing enough detail to logically support the refusal, implies that the applicant is better off avoiding the position in which he or she might fail, and do not apologize for the decision because no one is at fault. Finally, it avoids negative personal statements, using the word "you", can leave the applicant feeling at fault, which is unacceptable.